Glossary
| . |
. |
| Absolute
temperature |
is
minus 273 degrees Celsius - the lowest temperature, at which a material
does not possess any heat energy |
| Antimatter |
When
matter and antimatter meet together, explosions occur and all matter is
only available as energy. See antimatter |
| star
star |
See
STAR |
Astronomical
unit
AE |
(astronomical
unit) the average distance between the earth and the sun which amounts
to 149,597870 million kilometers. The distance of the solar system are
indicated in astronomical
units. |
|
|
| Atom |
The
fundamental unit of the matter ,
thus of each stone or each crumb earth etc.. It consists of one tiny atomic
nucleus, which has a diameter of approximately 0.000000000002 centimeters
and 99 % of the mass.
 
The
core is orbited from electrons and neutrons. This means, if we would be
able to see better and see more details, we would be able to detect, that
everything is constantly in motion.
These
are forces, which are substantially stronger than the gravity. These are
the atomic nucleus forces, which are stronger than the gravitation forces,
however the range of the nuclear power is substantially shorter.
|
| Attraction |
see
--> gravitation |
|
. |
| Big
Bang |
is
a cosmological model of the emergence of the universe (see
BIG Bang). All matter and radiations are developed through the Big
Bang [Explosions and nuclear fusions (Big Bang) ] out of matter with
almost infinite density on closest space. After a billion years of cooling
and expansion, the first stars and galaxies developed. The expansion of
the universe begins to start with the Big Bang from a singularity. |
| Big
Bang singularity |
is
a moment in the space-time, at which the space-time curvature is infinite.
Light cannot be sent any more. The time stops to exist. That is also the
description of a black hole. |
|
|
| Black
hole |
In
a black hole the force of gravity ( attraction
) is so strong, that all matters are attracted. The space curvature is
so strong that even light cannot escape any longer. Thus, the diameter
of a sun for e.g. 1.4 million kilometers are shortened to 6 kilometers
and the matter are pressed together. SEE
SW
a
black hole in the graphic representation
Prof.
Lesch (astrophysicist - TV transmissions in Bavaria 3 (Spacenight, alpha
Centauri)): Thus, black holes are marvellous. That is still all immaculate
- no problem. Regarding the dark matter, we know however that it is available
in a lunatic quantity. We have however no idea of what they consist. What
is however worst than that is : Until a few years ago, one thought
that
the dark matter is an another
form of matter as the one known to us. Meanwhile we know however that we
are just a cosmic "dirt effect". Now we know the not baryonic dark matter
which constitutes approximately 30 per cent of the universe.
Almost
70 per cent of the universe consist of a material, at which we at the moment
constantly piling up in the cosmology. The universe seems to be dominated
at the highest scale by a type of energy, which is antigravitative and
which drive the universe apart. http://www.heise.de/tp/deutsch/special/raum/4949/1.html
A
black hole is a singularity in the space-time. The density of the matter
goes into infinite in a black hole, since as much mass as desired can be
packed in a space point. Black holes can be developed from extremely massive
stars (starting from approximately 5 solar masses). Except the stellar
black holes, the Ur-black holes can exist which were developed in
the early period of the universe. Those are perhaps also super massive
black holes with some million sun masses, which one assumes that they are
situated in the centers of the galaxies.
Supermassive
black hole
[
supersubstantial black hole ] in the centers of the most galaxies, one
assumes super substantial black holes due to different observations, but
there is still no certainty of these objects.
Event
horizon
is
the black sign radius. Once this line is exceeded, there is no longer any
escape out of the black hole since the minimum escape velocity is higher
than that of the speed light. (picture to Black
Holes )
Special
rules apply behind the Event
horizon of a black hole : We can only receive something from such objects
from the black hole, whose escape velocity is higher than the speed of
light. We can only perceive the area to the
Event horizon, where
everything behind it are available, but for us not perceptible. However
a radiation seems to exist, which is able to emit far beyond the Event
horizon out of the Black Hole, in other words it can abandoned the Black
Hole.
|
Chronology
protection |
is
the theory of the protection of the future and the past.
Herein
the laws of physics cooperate together in a kind so that
macroscopic
objects (smaller than 0.01 mm) are unable to
travel
in the time. It is also prevented that informations
are
transferred into the past.
Other
kind of protections against paradoxon
in the past would be:
1)
a time traveler loses his memory.
2)
the time traveler has a time course of 1000 time faster than those living
in the past.
During
the time travel,1000 seconds passes away, this
would
be for humans in the past as only 1 second. Humans
of
the past would be like stone statues for the time traveler. And the other
way round, it would possibly only be a flit to see. This has the consequence
that no communication can develop - likewise no modification of the past
can take place.
See
also to time journeys --> chronology
protection
|
| Collapse
koll |
or
contraction
- is the reversal of the expansion ( expansion
) - thus a slow collapse of the universe. The Universe expands since
approximately 14.5 billion years. One assumes that the expansion will end
up in billions of years and then comes to a collapse. This means
that the contraction then begins - and then end up to a final bang. |
| Comet |
Comets
are wanderer in space, which appear in a certain time intervals in the
proximity of the earth and very often accompanied with a tail. Comets on
ellipse course belong to the solar system and cannot depart from it. However
their course can exceed a distance further than that of Pluto. They are
forced to the sun gravitation into this course. --> gravitation
The
comet Halley is a "recurring comet" with a term of 76 years. It was last
seen in 1986.
 Comet
Halley
Before
that in the year 1910. Halley calculated the course of the comet.
The
course of the Halley's comet during one period of 76 years
Comet
Shoemaker-Levy 9 was discovered by Shoemaker and Levy in 1993 and ensured
for grandiose fireworks on the Jupiter in Juli 1994.
Comet
Schwassmann guard 1 = periodic comet with 16,1 years scan time. Discovered
in Hamburg 1927. Rotates on an almost circular orbit between Jupiter and
Saturn.
Comet
Tebbutt = very bright (visible with the naked eyes) comet, discovered in
1861 by an Australian Amateurastronomer. The earth flew on the 30th June
1861 without prejudice in the comet tail.
Comet
Temple-Tuttle = recurring comet with 32 years period; responsible for the
Leoniden meteorshower.
Comet
west = very bright (visible with the naked eyes) comet. Discover in 1975
with characteristical tail.
 comet
Hale-Bopp- http://astro.uibk.ac.at/
http://www.sternwarte.de/
|
| Contraction |
Contraction
of the universe
In
the theory one assumes that the universe contracts again just after the
termination of the expansion. This, the distances between the galaxies
and the individual Planetetensystemen is again smaller.
Contraction |
| Cosmology |
Cosmology
is the science of the universe (universe) as a whole unit. The instruments
for this are mathematics, physics and the astronomy. The astronomy can
not show any comparison since it is available only once. Also the course
of the long periods in the universe causes problems. |
|
|
Curvature
of the space
or
(distortion) |
-->
space-time
curvature |
| Cycles |
is
a sequence (result) of connecting operational sequences. They are recurred
in regular consequence. |
Darken
matter |
Their
existence was not proven up to now. It is not visible with the Telescope,
but it is recognizable due to the gravitations effect.
St.
Hawking means:
"If
we sum up the masses of all
stars
, which we can see in our and other galaxies, then we come up to altogether
less than a hundredth of the amount, which, even at a low estimation of
the expansion rate, would be necessary, in order to stop the expansion
of the universe. Our and other galaxies must contain meanwhile large amount
of " dark matter ", which we can
not see directly. Their presence can be derived however from observations
and that they influence the courses of the stars in the galaxies with their
gravitation. END OF QUOTATION.
This
matter is searched. See also dark matter.
Here
it does not remain comprehensible of what is believed, all masses of the
suns in the entire universe being summed up, since only one part of the
universe is investigated. Thus only one part of the number of suns is well-known
and this bring to the conclusion that the summation number of all star
masses is incomplete. Even an estimation due
to the known universe density is insufficient, since the total volume of
the universe is unknown. One probably presume here that in the well-known
part of the universe in one volume of e.g. a Kubikparsec, a certain average
number of mass (by stars and planet etc..) is available. This is
then projected on the unknown part of the universe, of which we do not
even know, how far it extends. The conclusion is that still another dark
and not visible matter is available?
Is
that correct?
A possible
answer to this:
In
the cosmology one concerns inevitably with estimations. It concerns in
the cosmological phase to hypotheses, perhaps more frequently than
that in the science. Thus among other, Hawking also wrote nothing as otherwise
referring to the today's knowledge. What he wrote is not senseless.
One may quite assume that the matter distribution in the entire universe
is approximately homogeneous and thus the section observed from us is representative.
The expansion of the universe amounts to about 14.5 billion light-years
(though the long dimension of the time, it is being thought that the universe
expands since approximately 14.5 billion years (Big Bang)). The dark matter,
which Hawking mentioned was now already found through the help of
gravitation lenses - at last the general relativity theory of Einstein.
The
critical density
Actual
density larger than 1: The universe expands for all times. The fuel of
the suns will be burned out in many billions of years and the suns will
cool up. The universe is a dead stone, which floats in the space.
Actual
density smaller than 1: The universe expands still about 10 to 20 billion
more and then prevail the mass of the matter in the inside. The expansion
rate slows up until the reversal (collapse or contraction) occurs - The
next, everything develops as before. But then after approximately 20 billion
of years, the matter density gets higher and all stars and planets gets
hot and finally get destroyed. The final bang (Big Crunch) takes place.
It is however only the reversal of the final bang.
|
| Determinismus |
is
the philosophical opinion that everything is generally meant as it is in
the world. The human freedom of will is denied, the humanbeing has no more
their own free will for decisions. |
Dimensions
- space and time |
In
our living space there are four dimensions: Three space (length, width
and height) and the time dimension
as fourth.
Higher
and rolled up dimensions: Why don't we notice any further dimensions apart
from the space with length, width and height and the time as fourth?
One
assumes that the other dimensions are curved by very small expansion in
a space - approximately at a magnitude of 0.0000000000000000000000000000001
centimeters.
The
dimensions are flat and simply too small, to be able to be assumed
from us. Exactly the same priciple as we cannot recognize the thickness
of the straw wall if we observe from larger distance.
Why
did three dimensions of the space and time flat down, while the others
remained rolled-together?
Stephen
Hawking: The anthropic principle offers a possible answer. Two space dimensions
for natures like us would not be sufficient. A blood circulation in two-dimensional
creatures is unimaginable. A creature in two dimensions would have only
length and width, but no height.
It
would also create problems by more than three space dimensions. The gravitation
force between two bodies (e.g. planet and sun) would rapidly decrease through
the distance than in three dimensions. Thus the orbit of the earth and
the sun would become unstable.
The
life, at least the well-known form from us, can only exist in regions of
space-time, in which the three space dimensions and the time dimension
do not roll together closely.
|
| Distortion |
Curvature
of the space - see --> space-time curvature |
|
|
Dictionary
(on-line
one) of the
astronomy |
http://home.tiscalinet.ch/astrodata/
and http://www.enzyklop.info/Gloss/glossarNFa.html |
| |
|
|
|
Earth |
The
earth exists approximately for 4.5 billion years.
The earth
draws a elliptical course around the sun, whereby this is in a focus of
the Elipse. Solar system |
Event
horizon
|
is
the black sign radius. Once this line is exceeded, there is no escape from
the Black Hole anymore. This is due to the minimum escape velocity which
is higher than the speed of light.
(picture
to Black Holes
)
Behind
the Event horizon of a black hole
special rules are applied:
We
can only receive something from such objects from the black hole , whose
escape velocity is higher than the speed of light. We can only percieve
the area to the Event horizon, everything behind it may be available, but
for us not perceptible. However there is a kind of radiation, which is
emitted from the black hole beyond the Event horizon, thus it can abandoned
the Black Hole.. |
| Expansion |
is
the constant expansion of the universe. --> see also contraction
.. During the expansion of the universe (expansion) all
stars, planet and galaxies move away from the earth.
The
expansion of the space - and that is observed: the further the galaxies,
the faster they seem to move away from us.
This
connection is also called as Hubbles law. This effect is independent
of the direction. An interesting conclusion is the Event horizon:
because the speed of light is finite, we can then only receive something
from such objects, whose escape velocity is smaller than the speed
of light. In other words we can only perceive the world only up to a certain
distance; the Event horizon. Further behind that, the world does not stop
to exist, we can only not be able to observe it any longer.
The
expansion of the universe has a rate of approximately 72 km/sec of each
Megaparsec (3,26 million lightyears) distance. Afterwards the distance
of a 3,2 million lightyears distant galaxy grows to 72 km/sec through the
expansion. It grows proportionally with the distance. The further, the
more is the escape velocity.
This
precision of Hubble-Constant was known in the issue of " Astrophysical
Journal".
Wavelengths
should then also be streched. An exception is the Andromeda which is approaching
us at a rate of approximately 50 km/hour.
The
sun flies at 220 km/hour around the center of the Milky Way.
The
Milky Way flies at 50 km/hour around the local group of the galaxies
The
local group of the galaxies flies at 200 km/hour within the Virgo of star
cluster.
The
net rate of the earth around the sun reach to about 400 km/hour.
To
the theory of the expansion it is also said that an another theory is given:
The
expansion of the universe is actually an expansion of the space about itself.
It do not contains any actual movement of the galaxies. The galaxies remains
at their place and it is only the space which expand itself. That would
contradict the Big Bang theory. Hubble also knew about it but he never
accepted the expansion of the space.
That
could mean that the birth (emergence) of the area still
persists
today since the Big Bang and is not final yet.
Expansion
of the universe - expansion
|
|
|
| Fusion |
Fusion
of atomic nucleus. The opposite of the nuclear fission.
. |
|
|
| Geodaete |
In
general is a Geodaete the shortest connection between 2 points on the earth's
surface - a great circle.
Picture:
Geodaete - legend: If we want to move on the earth's surface from the point
A to the point B, the shortest way would be in a straight line along the
yellow line through the earth. Since this is not possible, we have obligatorily
to move on the red line on the earth's surface . That would be now the
shortest way for us from A to the point B.
The
red way is the Geodaete (great circle) and longer than the yellow way.
We took the red way and did not even notice that we are rerouted. The shortest
way for airplanes is the way A to B.
The
same theory applies logically in the same way for light beam, whose way
are curved within the area of a mass (See
also "the Wodden Box in Space" ) and applies logically also to the
elliptical
planet courses around the sun. Also for the recurring comets, like the
Halley's comet, which approach the proximity of the earth, every 76 years.
Beam
deflection
Picture
text: In the environment of massive heavenly bodies the space is curved
by the gravitation (attraction). This also applies to light beams. At the
point 4 light beams are transmitted. The star is seen while standing on
earth, we means however that the star is located at point 3 . But within
the area 2 the beams are curved and the star is actually located at point
4. All this is due to the curvature of the space.
see
light beam curvature
How
does one see an object
Why
is the yellow line not shorter than
the
red line - Bild: Geodäte
|
|
| Glossar |
is
at the end of a book. Explanations of foreign words. |
KinkelCyclesTheory2